What are the heart hormones released from cardiac myocytes?

The correct answer is based on the specific hormones that are released from cardiac myocytes, which play crucial roles in cardiovascular homeostasis. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) are indeed synthesized and secreted by the cardiac myocytes, particularly in response to myocardial stretch and volume overload. These hormones are essential in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting natriuresis (the excretion of sodium through urine), diuresis, and vasodilation, thereby counteracting the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Understanding that ANP and BNP are released specifically from the heart is vital in the context of heart failure and other cardiovascular disorders. Their levels in the blood can serve as important biomarkers for diagnosing and managing heart conditions.

In contrast, while catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine influence cardiac function, they are primarily produced in the adrenal glands and sympathetic nervous system, rather than by cardiac myocytes themselves. Cytokines like CNTF (Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor) and IL-6 have roles in inflammation and other processes but are not specific to cardiac myocytes. Similarly, renin and ald